Ans: Cybercrime: Cybercrime refers to any crime that is committed by means of computer and Internet technology by having unlawful access to others' computers. Many governments have passed cybercrime bill that carry fines and prison sentences for cybercriminals.

Ans: Commonly committed cybercrimes: The following are the commonly committed cybercrimes. i. Computers have been involved in crimes such as fraud, kidnapping, murder and crimes related with stealing money from bank and credit card company. ii. Criminals use Internet to steal personal information of other users and commit various types of cybercrimes. Personal information includes username, password, credit card number, bank account number, etc. iii. Downloading illegal software, music files and videos are also cybercrimes. iv. Internet harassment or cyber bullying is also a serious crime committed by cybercriminals. Internet harassment includes sending threatening e-mail, spreading rumors or virus, making defamatory comments, sending pornography or other bad material. v. Making negative comments about an individual on Internet can damage reputation or cause physical or mental harm to the victim.

Ans: Computer Viruses: Some computer experts create malware such as virus, spyware, worm etc. and spread through Internet. It is very importance to understand how malware spreads and how to protect computer from them. It is very difficult to list all the symptoms of infected computers. The reason for this is that there are hundreds and thousands of malicious programs and new ones are created every day. Sometime, some infected computers do not show any symptom and the user thinks that his computer is not infected.

Ans: Multimodal Authentication: Multimodal authentication means combination of two or more types of authentication methods. Normally, authentication methods use a single source of information for authentication such as features of face, fingerprint, hand geometry, access cards, etc. Multimodal authentication uses multiple sources of information for identification. For example, fingerprint and face recognition can be combined for a multimodal biometric authentication system. As another example, a multimodal authentication can combine access card and PIN to open security gate.

Ans: Areas of Computer Ethics: The following are main areas of computer ethics. • Information accuracy • Information ownership/Intellectual rights • Intellectual Property • Software piracy • Information privacy • Internet and Privacy Information Accuracy: Information stored on computers must be accurate, up-to-date and complete. If wrong information is entered in computer, it can be very harmful. People may suffer because of inaccurate information stored on computer. For example, a credit card holder may be wrongly blacklisted if wrong information is entered into the computer. Information Ownership/Intellectual Rights: Information ownership or intellectual rights mean persons who create ideas in any form are the actual owners. Ideas may be in the form of poems, plays, novels, films, drawings, paintings, software, etc. Intellectual rights protect creative work from unauthorized use by other people and allow creators to benefit financially from their work. Intellectual Property: Intellectual property means the legal rights of an individual or a corporation that result from intellectual activity in literary, artistic, scientific and industrial fields. Countries have law to protect intellectual property to foster innovation and promote creativity. Software Piracy: Software piracy means making illegal copies of software for use or sale for financial benefit. When computer users buy licensed software, they have the right to use it on a single computer. Software Copyright Law does not allow to make illegal copies of software and install it on other computers or sell it. It allows software developers to benefit financially from their work. Information Privacy: Information privacy refers to an individual's right to the privacy of personal information. In modern information age, people are concerned that computers may be taking away their privacy. The Data Protection Act (Law) protects the rights of the individuals against misuse of personal information by organizations. Organizations that hold the information should not allow unauthorized people to have access to information or disclose it to anyone outside the organization. Internet and Privacy: People who use Internet are worried that it may be eroding their privacy. Internet users post their personal information such as full name, date of birth, place of residence, phone numbers, pictures, videos etc. on the Web and it stays there. Internet users enter personal information in websites to sign up or register for services without realizing that this may lead to invasions of privacy,. This information can be accessed by hackers and used for harmful purpose. This poses a serious threat to privacy as unauthorized people can access personal information of individuals. Therefore, people are concerned about invasion of computer and Internet technology into people's privacy.